The other important Mongolian holiday is Tsagaan Sar, literally the “White Month,” or New Year’s Day, which has been celebrated since the time of the Mongol Empire. Although Mongolia uses the Gregorian calendar, the lunar calendar is also used due to tradition and religious practice, and thus Tsagaan Sar usually falls in February or early March. As with most New Year celebrations, Tsagaan Sar focuses on happiness and an optimistic future, and the color white is considered an auspicious color in Mongolian tradition.

During the holiday and days preceding it, offerings are made to ancestral spirits or in honor of their memories. Blessings are made. Owing to Communist oppression of the holiday and a decline in religiosity, the holiday has changed considerably over the years.

Now, in addition to being a holiday that is both thanksgiving and a looking forward to a good year, it has become a holiday for visiting family and friends.  A central part of the celebration is food and buuz, devoured in great quantities, followed by liberal doses of vodka. The buuz serves another purpose: families often put a silver coin in one buuz, and according to tradition, whoever finds it will have prosperity in the coming year. At family gatherings in the countryside, the largest sheep in the flock, or in the city, the largest a family can buy, is cooked and eaten. It becomes, like the Thanksgiving turkey, a point of pride. The importance of food is marked in the preparations for the holiday, which often begin a month before the holiday.

During the Communist period, Tsagaan Sar came under attack. During the religious purges, the celebration of Tsagaan Sar was criticized, although during some years the criticism decreased. During World War II, herders received government approval to celebrate the holiday—perhaps because Josef Stalin, occupied with the Nazis, was too busy to notice or to care. In 1954 the holiday was declared a workday and the government again began a crackdown against it. Nonetheless, their efforts failed. While not willing to admit defeat, the government found a solution by making Tsagaan Sar “Collective Herders’ Day” in 1960. Not until 1988 did Tsagaan Sar receive official recognition as a national holiday.

Naadam Festival is the biggest and most attractive festival in Mongolia which is held on the 11^th, 12^th, and 13^th of July, annually. The Naadam literally means “game”, and it consists of three so-called manly sports, locally termed “eriin gurwan naadam” – wrestling, horse racing, and archery. The origins of Naadam date back to the Mongol empire period, even though, the festival commemorates the national revolution’s success and independence. All of the administrative units of Mongolia celebrate their Naadam festival on different dates, but the biggest one is officially hosted in Ulaanbaatar and attracts thousands of tourists and hundreds of journalists from all over the world.

In the course of the Naadam festival celebration, all of the participants and audiences wear their most colorful and fashionable traditional clothes. Besides, they spend the whole festival to enjoy and proud their culture and tradition. In 2010, the festival was registered to “Intangible Heritage List” of UNESCO

 

Traditional Wrestling

It is a folk wrestling style of Mongolia, unlike in other parts of the world.  There are no weight divisions, and time limits. Thus contestants could be the same weight or separated by a hundred of pounds The wrestlers known as “bokh”(durability). The objective is to force one’s opponent to lose his balance and fall or force him to touch the ground in some manner, and only the feet and palms of the hand may touch the ground . Although, kicking and punching are illegal, a wrestler may use his feet or legs to gain leverage or trip his opponent. The matches go on until someone falls or another parts of the body, other than legal parts touches the ground. Thus it is conceivable for the match to last for hours

Typically, Mongolian wrestlers wear a zodog, which is a tight-fitting jacket or open shirt. It basically looks like two sleeves with cloth running across the upper back and shoulders, attaching them. A rope ties the zodog to- gether in the front. The purpose of the zodog is to give the wrestlers something to grip on an otherwise bare upper body. The wrestlers also wear a shuudag, or the equivalent of trunks or briefs. The outfit is completed by the standard up-turned Mongolian boots. Before the match, the wrestler wears a conical hat, often with a ceremonial scarf of khadag attached to it. Owing to the wrestling garb, women have traditionally been excluded from participating. Before and after the matches, there are standard rituals that the wrestler must perform. He circles the field where the matches take place in a clockwise fashion and makes a libation of milk to the gods and local spirits. There is also a ceremonial dance called the “eagle,” or garuda, a bird from Buddhist mythology, that the wrestler performs after his coach chants words of praise for the wrestler. The tournaments are single elimination and vary in size, but the Naadam matches have had up to 1024 wrestlers in the match and lasts 9 or 10 rounds.

Traditional Archery

the final manly sport and is performed by men and women. Although the old techniques of Mongolian bow-making have been lost, and thus bows are not as powerful as those used in the time of Chinggis Khan, the composite bow, constructed from layers of horn and wood, is still used.  The bow itself usually is about four feet in length, although some extend to six feet when strung. Unstrung, the bow takes on more of a C or crescent shape. The archer shoots arrows normally constructed of pine, birch, or willow, with fletching made preferably from eagle or falcon feathers. Mongolian archery techniques are quite different from Western styles. The arrow is placed on the right side of the bow and is held in place by the thumb and forefinger, unlike in the West, where the arrow is held by the forefinger and middle finger. Whereas in the West, the string is pulled by the forefinger, middle finger, and ring finger, Mongolians pull the string with their thumbs with the aid of a thumb ring. This device is made from either polished stone or leather. When performed properly, the string slides off of the thumb with little friction.

Traditional Horse Racing

World longest and toughest horse racing is organized in Mongolia.  Horse racing in Mongolia is quite different from races elsewhere, as they range from five to thirty kilometers (3.1–19 miles). For the race, the horses are divided into five age categories: two-year-olds, four-year-olds, five-year-olds, over fives, and stallions. Most of the horses are geldings; mares never race. The categories of horse run different lengths of race courses. Although horse racing is one of the three manly sports, the jockeys are always children, boys and girls. The jockeys sit atop felt pads, rather than a normal saddle. Usually, these do not have stirrups. The choice in riding equipment focuses more on the comfort of the horse than of the rider. The jockeys also wear appropriate uniforms—colored shirts and hats. During the Naadam races, well over a thousand horses take part.

After some rituals of procession and song, the races take place through the steppe, rather than on a track; thus the riders must contend not only with the distance, but also with hills, rivers, and uneven ground. In addition, the horses run at full speed, approximately thirty-five kilometers (21.7 miles) per hour, the whole race. While speed is necessary, endurance is the prized feature of a horse. The length of the race demonstrates that the race is more about the horse than about the skill of its rider, and this is reflected in the awards. Indeed, as long as the horse crosses the finish line, the race is considered completed—the jockey need not be present. As a horse crosses the line, the judge sings a song praising it, anoints the head and flanks of the horse with airag, and gives the rider some cheese crumbles. The judge then sips some of the airag and passes it to the jockey. The winning horse receives the title of “Forehead of the Ten Thousand Race Horse.” Medals are awarded to the five runners-up, who also undergo the ritual that the winner undergoes. Oddly,  the person who finishes last also receives a medal and is honored as “Rich Belly” in word and song.

Hunting with eagles is a traditional form of falconry for thousands of years, practised by the Kazakh people in Bayan-Ulgii, the westernmost province of Mongolia. It’s a rite of passage for Kazakh boys in western Mongolia who learn the crafts as early as 13. Passed down through generations, the tradition has a strict set of rules and practices. The hunts happen during winter when teams of hunters chase their prey on horseback and release an eagle to make their kill. Hunting once provided furs and meat during harsh winters, but the tradition is battling a dwindling number of hunters.

The Golden Eagle

Golden eagle is one of the world’s fiercest, with a wingspan of 6.6 ft, razor-sharp talons and the ability to dive at the speed of an express train — up to 190 mph.” Hunters prefer females because they are larger and regarded as more aggressive. Females weigh up to seven kilograms, which is a third heavier than males. It takes a great deal of strength to hold one of these large birds in your arm. When horses are on the move the eagles unfurl their wings for balance.

Training Golden Eagle:

Training eagles takes a lot of time, (3-4 years), must be done by one person, and requires constant daily attention. When the eagle is almost an adult, the trainer shows it the hides and furs of the animals it must hunt so that it becomes used to the smell and characteristics of the prey. All of this is done with special commands. Training continues by dragging a fox fur behind a galloping horse. Not all eagles can be so trained, but those that do show intense loyalty. Although never tethered they always return after killing their prey. Skilled hunters even manage to get the bird to kill the prey while scarcely leaving a mark on its fur.

The Golden Eagle Festival

The Golden Eagle Festival have been celebrated since 1999 with the aim of promoting conservation of Golden eagle and preservation of the Kazakh’s traditional unique culture of hunting with birds.  The festival comprises various competitions, in course of competitions which the eagle must catch a piece of fox fur pulled behind a galloping horse, the entrants compete for the awards of Best Turned Out Eagle and Owner; Best Eagle at Hunting Prey and Best Eagle at Locating Its Owner from a Distance, besides traditional horse games and camel races. Prizes are awarded for speed, agility and accuracy, as well as for the best traditional Kazakh dress, and more. Dark, rocky mountainous terrain forms the backdrop to the event, which incorporate cultural exhibitions and demonstrations followed by sporting activities and